Persistent diazinon induced neurotoxicity: The effect on inhibitory avoidance memory performance, amyloid precursor proteins, and TNF-α levels in the prefrontal cortex of rats.

INTRODUCTION: Organophosphate pesticides (Ops) like diazinon (DZN) have well-known neurotoxic effects and low-level chronic exposure has been linked to detrimental neurobehavioral impairments and memory deficits. However, it's not entirely clear how DZN-induced biological changes, particularly in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) contribute to these effects. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of DZN exposure on inhibitory avoidance (IA) memory function, amyloid precursor expression (APP), and proinflammatory tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels in the rat cortex. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Rats were divided into 4 groups and recived 2 mg/kg DZN for 5-days or 12-weeks and two control groups recived the same volume of vehicle. IA memory was assesed using the shuttle box apparatus. Rats were sacrificed and the prefrontal cortex PFC were removed. Real-time PCR and Western blotting were used to messure TNF-α, and amyloid protein precursors gene expression and protein levels. RESULTS: Our findings indicated that DZN caused body weight loss and a notable decline in performance on the IA memory. Additionally, 5-days exposure increased APP and APLP2 protein levels in the PFC, while 12-weeks exposure decreased these levels. Furthermore, expression of APP and APLP2 gens were decreased in PFC. TNF-α levels increased as a result of 5-days exposure to DZN, but these levels dropped to normal after 12-weeks administration, and this observation was significant. CONCLUSION: Taken together, exposure to low doses of DZN leads to disturbances in IA memory performance and also alternations in amyloid beta precursors that can be related to increased risk of Alzheimer's disease.

Pesticide residues in fresh Mazafati date fruit, soil, and water, and assessment of potential health risks to consumers.

A quantitative method based on quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe technique (QuEChERS) sample extraction and ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) was evolved for the determination of 47 pesticide residues in fresh Mazafati date fruits from Bam City of Kerman Province, Iran. The recoveries for selected pesticides ranged from 88 to 110% with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of less than 20% at concentrations of 0.05 and 0.1 mg kg-1. The proposed method had a linear range from the limit of quantification (LOQ) to 1.00 mg kg-1, and the LOQ of the 47 pesticides was ≤ 0.005 mg kg-1. The coefficients of determination (R2) were more than 0.99. This technique was used on 12 fresh date fruits samples, three water samples, and three soil samples with three replications per sample. Forty-seven pesticide were detected collectively, but only diazinon was detected in the date fruit samples. The mean value of diazinon residues was 0.037 mg kg-1, and the concentration of diazinon in most samples was below the national maximum residue limit (MRL) for date fruit (0.05 mg kg-1). Among the pesticides measured, diazinon residues were also detected in the water samples, but not in the soil samples. The dietary intake assessment showed no health risk to humans from the consumption of fresh date fruit concerning the pesticides investigated.

Electrochemiluminescence detection of diazinon in vegetables based on the synergistic interaction of WO3-x dots with Au@SiO2 nanocapsules.

In this work, a simple synthesis of low-toxicity transition metal material of WO3-x dots was used as a co-reactant with Au@SiO2 as a core-shell material and a signal amplification factor to collaboratively promote Ru(bpy)32+ electrochemiluminescence (ECL) for the construction of a highly sensitive aptasensor for the detection of diazinon (DZN) in vegetables. Electrodes modified with multi-walled carbon nanotubes-chitosan composite membranes (MWCNTs-CS) were used to load and immobilize more Ru(bpy)32+.can load more Ru(bpy)32+. WO3-x dots synthesized by a simple method showed excellent ECL efficiency as a novel co-reactant for Ru(bpy)32+. Under optimized conditions, this aptasensor for DZN has a wide detection range (10 pg mL-1 - 1 µg mL-1.) and a low detection limit (0.0197 ng L-1). The aptasensor has shown good results in the analysis of real samples in the experiment. This work provides a new approach to the construction of a novel electrochemiluminescence sensor for the detection of pesticides.

Actinomycetota, a central constituent microbe during long-term exposure to diazinon, an organophosphorus insecticide.

Microbial biodegradation is a primary pesticide remediation pathway. Despite diazinon is one of the most frequently used organophosphate insecticides worldwide, its effect on soil microbial community remains obscure. We hypothesize that diazinon exposure reshapes microbial community, among them increased microbes may play a crucial role in diazinon degradation. To investigate this, we collected soil from an organic farming environment, introduced diazinon, cultivated it in a greenhouse, and then assessed its effects on soil microbiomes at three distinct time points: 20, 40, and 270 days after treatment (DAT). Results from HPLC showed that the level of diazinon was gradually degraded by 98.8% at 270 DAT when compared with day zero, whereas 16S rRNA gene analysis exhibited a significant reduction in the bacterial diversity, especially at the early two time points, indicating that diazinon may exert selection pressure to the bacteria community. Here, the relative abundance of phylum Actinomycetota increased at 20 and 40 DATs. In addition, the bacterial functional gene profile employing PICRUSt2 prediction also revealed that diazinon exposure induced the genomic function related to xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism in soil, such as CYB5B, hpaC, acrR, and ppkA. To validate if bacterial function is caused by increased relative abundance in diazinon enriched soil, further bacteria isolation resulted in obtaining 25 diazinon degradation strains out of 103 isolates. Notably, more than 70% (18 out of 25) isolates are identified as phylum Actinomycetota, which empirically confirms and correlates microbiome and PICRUSt2 results. In conclusion, this study provides comprehensive information from microbiome analysis to obtaining several bacteria isolates responsible for diazinon degradation, revealing that the phylum Actinomycetota is as a key taxon that facilitates microbial biodegradation in diazinon spoiled soil. This finding may assist in developing a strategy for microbial detoxification of diazinon, such as using an Actinomycetota rich synthetic community (SynCom).

Metabolomic analysis of the serum and urine of rats exposed to diazinon, dimethoate, and cypermethrin alone or in combination.

BACKGROUND: Multiple pesticides are often used in combination for plant protection and public health. Therefore, it is important to analyze the physiological changes induced by multiple pesticides exposure. The objective of this study was to investigate the combined toxicity of the widely-used organophosphorus and pyrethroid pesticides diazinon, dimethoate, and cypermethrin. METHODS: Male Wistar rats were administrated by gavage once daily with the three pesticides individual or in combination for consecutive 28 days. The metabolic components of serum and urine samples were detected by using 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics method. Histopathological examination of liver and kidneys and serum biochemical determination were also carried out. RESULTS: The results showed that after the 28-day subacute exposure, serum glutamic transaminase and albumin were significantly increased and blood urea nitrogen was significantly decreased in the rats exposed to the mixture of the pesticides compared with the control rats, suggesting that the co-exposure impaired liver and kidney function. Metabolomics analysis indicated that the indicators 14 metabolites were statistically significant altered in the rats after the exposure of the pesticides. The increase in 3-hydroxybutyric acid in urine or decrease of lactate and N-acetyl-L-cysteine in serum could be a potentially sensitive biomarker of the subchronic combined effects of the three insecticides. The reduction level of 2-oxoglutarate and creatinine in urine may be indicative of dysfunction of liver and kidneys. CONCLUSION: In summary, the exposure of rats to pesticides diazinon, dimethoate, and cypermethrin could cause disorder of lipid and amino acid metabolism, induction of oxidative stress, and dysfunction of liver and kidneys, which contributes to the understanding of combined toxic effects of the pesticides revealed by using the metabolomics analysis of the urine and serum profiles.

Adsorption of diazinon from aqueous solution using metal organic framework and functionalized graphene: Comparison of BBD, ANN models.

In the present study, metal organic frameworks (MOFs) and aminated graphitic carbonaceous structure (ACS-RGO) through chemical synthesis prepared by a simple precipitation method and used for diazinon removal. Several techniques such as XRD , FESEM and FTIR were applied for identification of MOF-5 and ACS-RGO. Also, response surface methodology (RSM) was employed in this work to look at the effectiveness of diazinon adsorption. To forecast pesticide removal, we applied artificial neural network (ANN) and Box-Behnken Design (BBD) models. For the ANN model, a sensitivity analysis was also performed. The effect of independent variables like solution pH, various concentrations of diazinon, MOFs and ACS-RGO adsorbent dose and contact time were assessed to find out the optimum conditions. Based on the model prediction, the optimal condition for adsorption ACS-RGO and MOF-5 were determined to be pH 6.6 and 6.6, adsorbent dose of 0.59 and 0.906 g/L, and mixing time of 52.15 and 36.96 min respectively. These conditions resulted in 96.69% and 80.62% diazinon removal using ACS-RGO and MOF-5, respectively. Isotherm studies proved the adsorption of ACS-RGO and MOF-5 following the Langmuir isotherm model for diazinon removal. Diazinon removal followed by the pseudo-second and Pseudo-first order kinetics model provides a better fit for analyzing the kinetic data associated with pesticide adsorption for ACS-RGO and MOF-5, respectively. Based on the obtained results, the predicted values for the efficiency of diazinon removal with the ANN and BBD were similar (R2=0.98). Therefore, two models were able to predict diazinon removal by ACS-RGO and MOF-5.

Using heat shock protein (HSP) inducers as an approach to increase the viability of sterlet (Pisces; Acipenseridae; Acipenser ruthenus) cells against environmental diazinon toxicity.

Diazinon (DZN) is an organophosphate pesticide frequently used in agriculture and released into aquatic environments. In this study, sterlet sturgeon cells were exposed to DZN to investigate possible defense mechanisms via HSP induction (HSPi). Liver, kidney, and gill cells of Acipenser ruthenus were isolated and cultured and then treated with HSPi (Pro-Tex®, amygdalin, and a novel pirano-piranazole-based synthesized compound: SZ) in the presence and absence of DZN. MTT assays were used to evaluate the effects of different HSPis and their combinations with DZN. Western blotting analysis was conducted to evaluate HSP27, HSP70, and HSP90 expression patterns in each group. The highest rates of caspase-3 and caspase-8 activities were found in the DZN group, whereas HSPi treatment resulted in the lowest rates. The combination of HSPi+DZN resulted in increased HSP levels and antioxidant parameters but decreased cortisol, immune parameters, and metabolic enzymes. Many of the studied parameters (caspases, acetylcholinesterase, antioxidant, immune, and metabolic parameters) showed significant correlations with HSP expression, indicating that HSPs may be associated with markers of sterlet cell health. The results of this study demonstrate that using HSP inducers may be a powerful and reliable way to increase A. ruthenus resistance prior to exposure to DZN.

Photocatalytic removal of organophosphorus pesticide by the WO3-Fe3O4/rGO photocatalyst under visible light.

The WO3-Fe3O4/reduced graphene oxide (rGO) composite was synthesized with a hydrothermal method for the photocatalytic removal of diazinon (DZ) in visible light. The influence of catalyst concentration (0.5-1.5 g L-1), pH (5-9), and initial pollutant value (5-15 mg L-1) on the pesticide degradation was studied. The performance of the WO3-Fe3O4/rGO nanocomposite for DZ degradation under visible light shows 94% degradation of 5 mg L-1 DZ for 100 min with 1 g L-1 nanocomposite, and the degradation kinetic was modeled in pseudo-first order (PFO) and the maximum kobs was 0.0248 min-1. The photocatalytic mechanism and the intermediates of DZ degradation were identified. In addition, the WO3-Fe3O4/rGO catalyst showed reusability after 4 runs. The results of this work illustrate that the WO3-Fe3O4/rGO nanocomposite can be applied for real use owing to its high catalytic performance.

Synthesis of CoWO4/g-C3N4 Z-scheme heterojunction for the efficient photodegradation of diazinon with the addition of H2O2.

Pesticides are on the list of substances that are routinely monitored by agencies and organizations in various natural environments and habitats. Diazinon (DZN) is the active ingredient in more than 20 agricultural pesticides, it causes the most damage and has been prohibited in many countries around the world. The final product CoWO4/g-C3N4 Z-scheme heterojunction was successfully synthesized in this work, where CoWO4 nanoparticles were deposited on the surface of g-C3N4. CoWO4/g-C3N4 structure allowed for the efficient separation of photo-generated electron-hole pairs, with electrons at the CoWO4 CB migrating to the g-C3N4 VB and preserving the electrons at the g-C3N4 CB and holes in the CoWO4 VB. The photodegradation efficiency of DZN using CoWO4/g-C3N4 Z-scheme heterojunction was investigated, as compared with its precursors, such as CoWO4, and g-C3N4. CoWO4/g-C3N4 Z-scheme heterojunction demonstrated the highest degradation capacity for DZN removal. Based on the results, the photocatalysis of the CoWO4/g-C3N4 Z-scheme heterojunction can be recycled for the effective removal of DZN by simple washing after three runs, proving the heterojunction's stability and suggesting CoWO4 as a promising material for the removal of DZN from contaminated water sources.

Synthesis and characterization of Fe3O4@SiO2 -supported metal-organic framework PAEDTC@MIL-101 (Fe) for degradation of chlorpyrifos and diazinon pesticides.

In this study, a new core-shell Fe3O4@SiO2/PAEDTC@MIL-101 (Fe) photocatalyst was prepared by sol-gel method and used to degrade diazinon (DZN) and chlorpyrifos (CPS) from aqueous solutions. The characteristics analyzed by various techniques indicate that the core-shell photocatalyst with a specific surface area of 992 m2/g, pore size of 1.35 nm and saturation magnetization of nanocomposite was 12 emu/g has been successfully synthesized and can be separated from the reaction solution by a magnetic field. The maximum efficiencies of DZN (98.8%) and CPS (99.9%) were provided at pH of 5, photocatalyst dosage of 0.6 g/L, pollutant concentration of 25 mg/L, radiation intensity of 15 W, and time of 60 min. The presence of anions such as sulfate, nitrate, bicarbonate, phosphate, and chloride had a negative effect on the performance of the photocatalysis system. Compared to the adsorption and photolysis systems alone, the photocatalytic process based on Fe3O4@SiO2/PAEDTC@MIL-101 (Fe) under two UV and visible light sources showed a high efficiency of 90% in the reaction time of 60 min. The BOD5/COD ratio improved after 50 min to above 0.4 with TOC and COD removal rates >80%. Scavenging tests showed that •OH radical, hole (h+), electron (e-), and O2•- anion were produced in the reaction reactor, and the •OH radical was the dominant species in the degradation of DZN and CPS. The stability tests confirmed the recyclability of the photocatalyst in 360 min of reactions, with a minimum reduction of 7%. Energy consumption for the present system during different reactions was between 15.61 and 25.06 kWh/m3 for DZN degradation and 10-22.87 kWh/m3 for CPS degradation.

The novel hepatoprotective effects of silibinin-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers against diazinon-induced liver injuries in male mice.

In the current study, silibinin-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (Sili-NLCs) was synthesized, and the hepatoprotective effectiveness of Sili-NLCs against diazinon (DZN)-induced liver damage in male mice was evaluated. The emulsification-solvent evaporation technique was applied to prepare Sili-NLCs, and characterized by using particle size, zeta potential, entrapment efficacy (EE %), in vitro drug release behavior, and stability studies. In vivo, studies were done on male mice. Hepatotoxicity in male mice were induced by DZN (10 mg/kg/day, i.p.). Four groups treated with silibinin and Sili-NLCs with the same doses (100 and 200 mg/kg, p.o.). On 31th days, serum and liver tissue samples were collected. Alanine (ALT) and aspartate (AST) aminotransferase levels, oxidative stress biomarkers, inflammatory cytokines, and histopathological alterations were assessed. The Sili-NLCs particle size, zeta potential, polydispersity index (PDI), and EE % were obtained at 220.8 ± 0.86 nm, -18.7 ± 0.28 mV, 0.118 ± 0.03, and 71.83 ± 0.15%, respectively. The in vivo studies revealed that DZN significantly increased the serum levels of AST, ALT, hepatic levels of lipid peroxidation (LPO), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), while decreased the antioxidant defense system in the mice's liver. However, Sili-NLCs was more effective than silibinin to return the aforementioned ratio toward the normal situation, and these results were well correlated with histopathological findings. Improvement of silibinin protective efficacy and oral bioavailability by using NLCs caused to Sili-NLCs can be superior to free silibinin in ameliorating DZN-induced hepatotoxicity in male mice.

Malathion or diazinon exposure and male reproductive toxicity: a systematic review of studies performed with rodents.

Malathion and diazinon are pesticides commonly used in agriculture to avoid insects that damage crops; however, they may cause impairment to the male genital system of exposed humans. The present work carried out a systematic review of the literature concerning the primary studies that assessed the reproductive effects resulting from male rats and mice exposed to malathion or diazinon. The search for articles was performed on the databases PubMed, LILACS, Scopus, and SciELO, using different combinations of the search terms "malathion," "diazinon," "mice," "rats," "male reproduction," "fertility," and "sperm," followed by the Boolean operators AND or OR. The results obtained indicate that both pesticides act as reproductive toxicants by reducing sperm quality, diminishing hormonal concentrations, inducing increased oxidative stress, and provoking histopathological damage in reproductive organs. Then, the exposure to malathion and diazinon may provoke diminished levels of testosterone by increasing acetylcholine stimulation in the testis through muscarinic receptors, thus, providing a reduction in steroidogenic activity in Leydig cells, whose effect is related to lower levels of testosterone in rodents, and consequently, it is associated with decreased fertility. Considering the toxic effects on the male genital system of rodents and the possible male reproductive toxicity in humans, it is recommended the decreased use of these pesticides and their replacement for others that show no or few toxic effects for non-target animals.

Serum butyrylcholinesterase activity in healthy dogs with and without exposure to diazinon.

BACKGROUND: Cholinesterase is a biomarker for poisonings by anticholinesterase agents, but its reference values are scarce, and possible interaction with collars containing parasiticides has not been studied. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to evaluate the serum cholinesterase activity of healthy dogs without a history of contact with anticholinesterase agents and healthy animals exposed to commercial collars containing organophosphate. METHODS: Ninety-nine dogs were used and included healthy animals without recent exposure to anticholinesterase agents and healthy animals previously exposed to diazinon collars. Serum quantification of the enzyme butyrylcholinesterase (BuchE) through spectrophotometry was conducted on all samples. In experiment 1, BuchE activity was quantified at time 0 and 7 days after, a time when the samples were kept at -18°C. In experiment 2, sampling times were 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 56 days. RESULTS: Time 0 values were 4622.38 ± 1311.53 U/L. After 7 days, a significant decay was observed, with a mean of 3934.45 ± 1430.45 U/L. Spearman's test was performed, finding a weak correlation between ALT, creatinine, total plasma proteins, age, weight, red blood cells, platelets, leukocytes, and BuchE activities. In experiment 2, the mean at time 0 was 4753 ± 454.8 U/L. With exposure to the collar, there was a decay of up to 93% after 14 days. CONCLUSIONS: Normality values of serum BuchE in healthy dogs without a history of exposure to anticholinesterase agents were 4360.8-4883.96 U/L. Freezing serum caused a decrease in BuchE activity. Exposure to commercial collars containing diazinon also reduced BuchE activity without clinical signs, indicating that previously exposed animals should be evaluated carefully.

Protective effects of HSP Inducer on diazinon-exposed stellate sturgeon (Acipenser stellatus) fry: Insights on HSP70 gene expression, immune response, and enzyme indices.

Aquatic environments face frequent exposure to organophosphate pesticides, such as diazinon, which are frequently utilized in agriculture. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of diazinon exposure on fish and to investigate the potential of the HSP inducer (HSPi) in developing a defense mechanism. To achieve this, several factors were analyzed, including the HSP70 gene expression, levels of immunity markers (lysozyme, IgM, and C3), antioxidant status, and the activity of acetylcholine esterase (AChE). Stellate sturgeon (Acipenser stellatus) fry, was exposed to diazinon (25, 50, and 75% of 96h-LC50) for 6 days after pre-treatment with an HSP inducer (HSPi), TEX-OE® (a prickly pear cactus extract), for 4 hours. Two HSPi concentrations, 100 and 200 mg.L-1, were used. Pre-treatment with HSPi significantly enhanced HSP70 gene expression in the gill and liver, as well as immune markers in the blood of Acipenser stellatus. Diazinon-treated groups exhibited higher antioxidant activities of SOD, CAT, and T-AOC. Increased activity also observed in control fish pre-treated with HSPi. However, stellate sturgeon receiving both diazinon and HSPi+diazinon experienced a significant decrease in AChE activity in comparison with control group. Cortisol levels were elevated in the fish that were subjected to diazinon. Those subjected to diazinon after receiving HSPi showed a significant decrease in cortisol levels. In conclusion, the study suggests that HSPi-mediated HSP70 induction may have a protective effect. The presence of an HSP inducer offers a potential strategy to mitigate the consequences of diazinon exposure in stellate sturgeon.

24-Epibrassinolide alleviates diazinon oxidative damage by escalating activities of antioxidant defense systems in maize plants.

Excessive use of pesticides against pests has contaminated agricultural crops and raised global concerns about food safety. This research investigates the alleviation effects of 24-epibrassinolide (EBL) seed priming on diazinon (DZ) pesticide toxicity. The experiment was conducted with eight groups including control, DZ, EBL (10 µM), EBL (0.1 µM), EBL (0.01 µM), EBL (10 µM) + DZ, EBL (0.1 µM) + DZ, and EBL (0.01 µM) + DZ. Plants grown with the lowest concentration of EBL (0.01 µM) exhibited an upward increase in the activity of SOD, CAT, POD, APX, GR, and GST enzymes under DZ toxicity stress. In contrast, higher concentrations of EBL showed some inhibitory effects on the activity of antioxidant enzymes. In addition, low concentrations of EBL elevated the free radical scavenging capacity (DPPH), iron-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), photosynthesis rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs) and proline, and protein contents. EBL also reduced lipid peroxidation (MDA levels) in the DZ-exposed plants, leading to membrane integrity. The favorable effects of EBL were more evident when plants were exposed to pesticides than normal growth conditions. The results indicated that EBL seed priming intensifies the antioxidant enzymes system activity, and helps maize plants against toxic effects of DZ under proper concentration.

Ferulago angulata extract alleviates testicular toxicity in male mice exposed to diazinon and lead.

In this study, we investigated the protective effects of Ferulago angulata extract (FAE) against the reproductive toxicants Diazinon (DZN) and Lead (Pb) in mice. These pollutants are known to induce oxidative stress (OS), while FAE acts as a natural antioxidant. Adult male NMRI mice were exposed to DZN, Pb, and DZN+Pb, with or without FAE treatment for six weeks. We evaluated OS markers, testicular histology, and expression of mRNA related to enzymatic antioxidants. Exposure to DZN and Pb led to increased levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) and nitric oxide (NO) in the testes, along with a decrease in the total antioxidant capacity (TAC). Furthermore, the mRNA expression of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) was altered. However, when FAE was administered concurrently, it restored the biochemical parameters to normal levels, reduced the toxic effects of DZN and Pb, and provided protection against testicular histopathological injury. These findings suggest that FAE has the potential to serve as a protective agent against oxidative damage caused by contaminants in reproductive organs, specifically in the testes.

Water quality, human health risk, and pesticides accumulation in African catfish and Nile tilapia from the Kitchener Drain-Egypt.

Pesticides are toxic and could negatively impact humans and the ecosystem. The Kitchener Drain is among the longest drains in Egypt and carries a wide range of wastewater from the agriculture sector, which contains pesticides and may pollute the ecosystem. Thus, water quality, human health risk, and pesticide accumulation in African catfish and Nile tilapia from the Kitchener Drain-Egypt. The water and fish samples were collected from Kitchener Drain in Kafr Elsheikh Governorate, Egypt, during the four seasons. The results indicated that heptachlor and diazinon were undetected during the four seasons. However, endosulfan, chlorpyrifos, and dicofol were detected in winter and autumn. Only p,p'-DDT was detected during spring. Endosulfan, heptachlor, and aldrin were detected in Nile tilapia during winter. Only heptachlor and aldrin were detected during spring. Endosulfan, heptachlor, dicofol, p,p'-DDT, chlorpyrifos, and diazinon were detected in the autumn season. In summer, dicofol and p,p'-DDT were detected, while endosulfan, heptachlor p,p'-DDT, aldrin, chlorpyrifos, and diazinon were not detected. In African catfish, endosulfan, heptachlor, dicofol, and p,p'-DDT were detected during winter, while chlorpyrifos, aldrin, and chlorpyrifos, aldrin, and diazinon were not detected. In the spring season, endosulfan, heptachlor, and aldrin were detected. Endosulfan, heptachlor, dicofol, p,p'-DDT, aldrin, chlorpyrifos, and diazinon were detected in the autumn season. Similarly, in the summer season, endosulfan, heptachlor, dicofol, p,p'-DDT, aldrin, chlorpyrifos, and diazinon were detected. The sequence of estimated daily intake (EDI) in Nile tilapia during the four seasons is heptachlor > endosulfan > dicofol > p,p'-DDT > aldrin > diazinon > chlorpyrifos. The sequence of EDI in African catfish during the four seasons is endosulfan > p,p'-DDT > heptachlor > aldrin > dicofol > diazinon > chlorpyrifos. In conclusion, the results confirmed the absence of a hazard index for consuming Nile tilapia and African catfish collected from the Kitchener drain.

Environmental exposure to organophosphate pesticides and effects on cognitive functions in elementary school children in a Middle Eastern area.

Although the fundamental reasons for cognitive function disorders have been well documented, little is known about the impact of environmental exposures, such as pesticides, on children's cognitive function development. This study investigated the effect of exposure to organophosphate pesticides on children's cognitive function. In order to determine various factors of exposure, hair samples were collected from 114 elementary school children who lived in Boyer-Ahmad County in the province of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad, Iran. A detailed questionnaire was utilized to gather demographic information and exposure profile. Pesticides were detected in hair samples using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS); also, cognitive function was assessed using the trail-making test (TMT), which was divided into two parts: TMT-part A and TMT-part B. Participants in the study were 10.12 ± 1.440 years old on average. Children in rural areas had higher mean total pesticide concentrations (13.612 ± 22.01 ng/g) than those who lived in the urban areas (1.801 ± 1.32). The results revealed that boys (46.44 s and 92.37 s) completed the TMT-part A and part B tests in less time than girls (54.95 s and 109.82 s), respectively, and showed better performance (2.14) on the cognitive function exam than girls (2.07). Diazinon and TMT-part B were positively correlated (p < 0.05). With the increase in pesticides, there was no discernible difference in cognitive function. Pesticide use throughout a child's development may affect certain cognitive function indicators. In order to assess causal relationships, group studies and case studies are required because the current research was cross-sectional in nature.

Utilization of the copper recovered from waste printed circuit boards as a metal precursor for the synthesis of TiO2/magnetic-MOF(Cu) nanocomposite: Application in photocatalytic degradation of pesticides in aquatic solutions.

In this study, a number of leaching solutions (H2SO4, CuSO4 and NaCl) and an electrochemical method were used together for the separation of Cu from waste printed circuit boards. Secondly, the magnetic-MOF(Cu) was synthesized using the Cu recovered from waste printed circuit boards. Thereafter, TiO2/mag-MOF(Cu) composite was prepared and its photocatalytic activity was assessed in the photo degradation of two prominent organophosphorus pesticides, namely malathion (MTN) and diazinon (DZN). The catalytic structure of the MOF-based composite was fully characterized by various analyses such as XRD, SEM, EDAX, FT-IR, VSM and UV-vis. The obtained analyses confirmed the successful synthesis of TiO2/mag-MOF(Cu) composite. The synthesized composite exhibited highly efficient in the degradation of both pollutants under the following conditions: pH 7, contaminant concentration 1 mg/L, the catalyst dosage of 0.4 g/L, visible light intensity 75 mW/cm2 and reaction time of 45 min. First order kinetic model was best suited with the experimental results (R2: 0.97-0.99 for different MTN and DZN concentrations). Trapping studies revealed that superoxide radicals (O2•-) played an important role during the degradation process. Furthermore, the catalyst demonstrated a superb recovery as well as high stability over five cyclic runs of reuse. In addition, the total organic carbon (TOC) analysis showed over 83% and 85% mineralization for MTN and DZN, respectively. The combined system of TiO2/mag-MOF(Cu)/Vis also exhibited a great level of efficiency and feasibility in the treatment of tap water and treated wastewater samples. It is concluded that TiO2/mag-MOF(Cu) could be used as an excellent catalyst for the photodegradation of MTN and DZN in aqueous solution.

The concentration of pesticides in tomato: a global systematic review, meta-analysis, and health risk assessment.

To improve farming productivity, a large number of pesticides have been used worldwide in recent decades, leading to the pollution of soil, agri-products, and water, directly/indirectly affecting human health. In this regard, many studies were conducted in different countries on residual pesticides in the environment. In the current study, residual pesticides including chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, diazinon, malathion, and metalaxyl in tomatoes were meta-analyzed and health risk of consumers was estimated. For this purpose, based on a systematic review, data from 47 studies were extracted and meta-analyzed, and the health impact of pooled concentrations was assessed via a health risk method. According to the results, metalaxyl had the most concentration followed by malathion, cypermethrin, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos, respectively. The non-carcinogenic risk (n-CR) was calculated from crop consumption also showed that exposure to malathion has the most risk. Among the investigated communities, Iranian consumers were in considerable health risk (THQ > 1). Considering that the potential for the use of pesticides will increase with the need for food in the future, hence, governments must manage the usage by governments via alternative methods such as cultural, biological, physical, and genetic modifications.